Overview of felty's syndrome

Felty’s syndrome is a rare but serious complication of rheumatoid arthritis, characterised by a combination of symptoms that may include joint inflammation, splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) and a low white blood cell count (leukopenia). It primarily affects individuals with long standing, severe rheumatoid arthritis and can lead to various complications if not managed effectively. The disease is named after the American physician Augustus Felty, who first identified it in 1924.

Types of felty's syndrome

1. Severity based classification: Felty’s syndrome varies in severity, from mild to severe it is often linked to the intensity of rheumatoid arthritis.

2. Rheumatoid arthritis associated: The syndrome primarily affects individuals with long standing and severe rheumatoid arthritis.

Symptoms of felty's syndrome

• Joint inflammation: Swelling, pain and stiffness in the joints are common, which can interfere with movement and reduce overall mobility.
• Enlarged spleen (Splenomegaly): The spleen becomes enlarged, which may cause abdominal discomfort and possibly lead to more severe issues if untreated.
• Low white blood cell count (Leukopenia): This results in a weakened immune system, making patients more vulnerable to infections.
• Fatigue and weakness: Chronic disease, anemia, and the body’s efforts to fight inflammation can lead to ongoing fatigue and reduced energy levels.
• Frequent infections: Due to a compromised immune system, patients are more likely to experience repeated infections, which may be more difficult to treat.
• Anemia: Low red blood cell count can cause feelings of dizziness, paleness and general fatigue.

Causes of felty's syndrome

Rheumatoid arthritis: Felty’s syndrome is most common in those with severe, long standing rheumatoid arthritis, especially those with high rheumatoid factor levels.

Genetic factors: Certain genetic traits may increase the likelihood of developing the syndrome.

Complications in felty's syndrome

• Increased infection risk: Low white blood cell count makes patients vulnerable to frequent infections which leads to severe issues if untreated.
• Enlarged spleen: Severe splenomegaly can cause pain, discomfort, and in rare cases, splenic rupture.
• Anemia: Chronic inflammation and low red blood cell count cause fatigue, hindering daily activities.
• Lymphoma: Slightly increased risk of lymphoma, particularly non Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
• Health deterioration: Unmanaged chronic inflammation can lead to serious complications.

Risk Factors of felty's syndrome

• Long standing rheumatoid arthritis: Individuals with severe, long term rheumatoid arthritis are more likely to develop Felty’s syndrome.
• High rheumatoid factor: Elevated rheumatoid factor levels increase the risk of the syndrome.
• Female gender: Women are more prone likely due to higher rates of rheumatoid arthritis.
• Age: Most common in those aged 40-70.
• Chronic inflammation: Ongoing inflammation from rheumatoid arthritis is a major factor in the development of the syndrome.

Preventions of felty's syndrome

• Early rheumatoid arthritis treatment: Timely management with DMARDs and biologics can reduce the risk of Felty’s syndrome.
• Regular monitoring: Ongoing check ups help track rheumatoid arthritis and spot early signs of Felty’s syndrome.
• Healthy lifestyle: A balanced diet, regular exercise and stress management can support rheumatoid arthritis control and prevent complications.