Overview of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Hodgkin’s lymphoma is also known as Hodgkin’s disease, it is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part of the body’s immune system. It occurs when abnormal lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, which is grow uncontrollably. The disease is characterised by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are large, abnormal lymphocytes. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve the Hodgkin’s lymphoma survival rate significantly.

Types of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

1. Classical Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (CHL)

The most common type, accounting for about 95% of cases.

Includes subtypes such as:

Nodular Sclerosis Hodgkin Lymphoma

Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin Lymphoma

Lymphocyte-Rich Hodgkin Lymphoma

Lymphocyte-Depleted Hodgkin Lymphoma

2. Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NLPHL)

A rare form that tends to grow more slowly.

Symptoms of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Your body always sends warning signs when something is not right. Hodgkin’s lymphoma symptoms often start with:

• Swollen lymph nodes: These feel like painless lumps in the neck, armpit or groin.
• Unexplained weight loss: Losing weight without trying is a red flag.
• Night sweats: Waking up drenched in sweat could mean something more serious.
• Persistent fatigue: If you are always exhausted despite resting, do not ignore it.
• Fever and chills: Recurring fevers that come and go may be a sign.
• Itchy skin: It might sound harmless but ongoing itchiness could indicate lymphoma.
• Chest pain or breathing issues: If the lymphoma affects the chest area it can cause discomfort and difficulty breathing.

Causes of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Doctors do not know the exact cause of Hodgkin’s disease but some factors may increase your risk:

• Genetic changes: Mutations in the lymphocytes cause them to multiply abnormally.
• Viral infections: The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to some cases.
• Weak immune system: If your immune system is already compromised (due to HIV/AIDS or organ transplants), the risk increases.

Complications in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Hodgkin’s lymphoma treatment can be highly effective but some challenges may arise:

• Weakened immune system: The disease and its treatments can make you more vulnerable to infections.
• Fertility problems: Certain cancer treatments may affect reproductive health.
• Increased risk of secondary cancers: Some patients may develop other cancers later in life due to treatment side effects.
• Heart and lung problems: Radiation therapy may impact these vital organs.

Risk Factors of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Anyone can get Hodgkin lymphoma but some factors make it more likely:

• Age: It mainly affects young adults (15-35 years old) and older adults (over 55).
• Gender: Men are slightly more likely to develop Hodgkin's disease than women.
• Family history: If a close relative had it your risk increases.
• Weakened immune system: Conditions like HIV or past organ transplants raise the risk.

Preventions of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

There is no sure way to prevent Hodgkin’s lymphoma but you can reduce the risks:

• Maintain a strong immune system: A healthy lifestyle can support your immunity.
• Avoid Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections: This virus has been linked to Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Get regular checkups: If you have a family history of lymphoma, early screenings can help.