Overview of Cancer

Cancer is a complex disease characterised by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. These cancer cells divide rapidly and can invade nearby tissues or spread to distant organs through the blood and lymphatic system. It is essentially a condition where normal cell division goes out of control due to genetic mutations leading to the formation of tumors. Cancer can occur in almost any part of the body and affects millions of people worldwide.

Types of Cancer

There are many types of cancer, classified based on the affected organ or cell type. The major cancer types such as:

1. Carcinomas: Cancer that begins in the skin or the tissues lining internal organs (carcinoma types).

2. Sarcomas: Cancer originating in bone, muscle, fat or connective tissue.

3. Leukemias: Cancer affecting the blood and bone marrow.

4. Lymphomas: Cancer in the lymphatic system such as Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

5. Brain and spinal cord tumors: Affecting the central nervous system.

Symptoms of Cancer

The symptoms of cancer in the body vary based on the type and location of cancer. However, common symptoms of cancer include:

Persistent fatigue

Unexplained weight loss

Lump or swelling in any part of the body (cancer tumor)

Changes in the skin (darkening, redness or sores that do not heal)

Persistent cough or hoarseness

Difficulty swallowing

Changes in bowel or bladder habits

Early signs and symptoms of cancer can be subtle and making early detection crucial.

Causes of Cancer

Cancer develops due to genetic mutations triggered by various factors:

• Genetic predisposition: Family history of cancer increases risk.
• Environmental exposure: Chemicals, radiation and pollutants can damage DNA.
• Lifestyle choices: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and poor diet contribute to cancer.
• Viral infections: HPV, Hepatitis B and Epstein-Barr virus increase cancer risk.
• Weakened immune system: Chronic infections and immune suppression can lead to cancer.

Complications in Cancer

Cancer and its treatment can lead to serious complications, such as:

Organ failure due to tumor invasion

Increased risk of infections

Severe pain and discomfort

Side effects from chemotherapy and radiation

Emotional and psychological distress

Risk Factors of Cancer

Several factors increase the likelihood of developing cancer:

• Age: The risk of cancer increases with age.
• Family history: Inherited genetic mutations can predispose individuals to cancer.
• Smoking and alcohol: These substances significantly increase cancer risk.
• Obesity: Excess weight contributes to multiple types of cancer.
• Chronic inflammation: Long term infections or autoimmune diseases may trigger cancer.

Preventions of Cancer

While not all cancers are preventable, taking these measures can reduce risk:

Avoid smoking and limit alcohol intake.

Maintain a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

Engage in regular physical activity.

Get vaccinated against cancer linked viruses for example HPV, Hepatitis B.

Undergo routine screenings for early detection.