Overview of Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is also known as an underactive thyroid, it is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism, energy levels and various bodily functions. Low thyroid levels can lead to fatigue, weight gain and other health complications. Early diagnosis and proper hypothyroidism treatment can help manage symptoms effectively.

Types of Hypothyroidism

1. Primary Hypothyroidism: The most common type, caused by problems in the thyroid gland itself.

2. Secondary Hypothyroidism: Occurs due to dysfunction in the pituitary gland which fails to stimulate the thyroid.

3. Congenital Hypothyroidism: Present at birth due to improper thyroid development.

4. Acquired Hypothyroidism: Develops later in life which often due to iodine deficiency or autoimmune conditions.

5. Subclinical Hypothyroidism: Mild form where thyroid hormone levels are slightly low but without clear symptoms.

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

Fatigue and low energy

Weight gain despite no changes in diet

Cold intolerance (feeling cold even in warm environments)

Dry skin and hair thinning

Slow heart rate

Depression and mood changes

Constipation

Puffy face and swelling

Joint pain and muscle weakness

Memory problems (brain fog)

Hoarseness

Heavy or irregular menstrual periods (in females)

Causes of Hypothyroidism

• Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis): The most common cause where the immune system attacks the thyroid.
• Iodine deficiency: Essential for thyroid hormone production.
• Thyroid surgery or radiation therapy: Can damage the gland.
• Certain medications: Lithium, amiodarone and others may trigger hypothyroidism symptoms.
• Pituitary gland disorders: Affect the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
• Congenital conditions: Some babies are born with an underdeveloped thyroid.

Complications in Hypothyroidism

Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)

Heart disease and high cholesterol

Depression and mental health issues

Infertility or complications during pregnancy

Myxedema (severe hypothyroidism leading to coma in rare cases)

Risk Factors of Hypothyroidism

Women especially those over 60 years old are at higher risk.

A family history of thyroid disorders increases the likelihood.

Autoimmune diseases like Type 1 diabetes or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis can trigger hypothyroidism.

Iodine imbalance, whether too much or too little will affect thyroid function.

Previous thyroid treatments, such as surgery, radiation or certain medications and can impact hormone production.

Pregnancy and postpartum hormonal changes may lead to thyroid issues.

Certain medications which include lithium and amiodarone, can interfere with thyroid function.

Pituitary gland disorders can reduce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.

Age-related changes make hypothyroidism more common in older adults.

Chronic stress, poor diet and lack of sleep can negatively impact thyroid health.

Prevention of Hypothyroidism

Balanced iodine intake and include iodised salt and iodine rich foods.

Regular thyroid checkups, Especially if there is a family history.

Avoid excessive soy and cruciferous vegetables in large amounts if at risk.

Monitor medication side effects that can affect thyroid function.