Overview of Depression

Depression is a serious mental health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterised by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness and a lack of interest in daily activities. Depression can interfere with a person’s ability to function and carry out routine tasks impacting both their personal and professional life. It is crucial to recognise and address depression early to help those affected lead better and more fulfilling lives.

Types of Depression

There are various types of depression, each with distinct characteristics and treatment approaches. Some of the most common types such as:

• Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): The most common form of depression, characterised by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities.
• Clinical Depression: Another term for major depressive disorder which is marked by significant emotional and physical symptoms.
• Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia): A chronic form of depression that lasts for at least two years.
• Bipolar Disorder: A mood disorder characterised by extreme highs (mania) and lows (depression).
• Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): A type of depression that occurs at certain times of the year often during the winter months.
• Postpartum Depression: A form of depression experienced by women after childbirth.

Symptoms of Depression

Common symptoms of depression include:

Persistent sadness, anxiety, or (empty) mood

Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism

Irritability

Feelings of guilt, worthlessness or helplessness

Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities

Decreased energy or fatigue

Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

Insomnia or sleeping too much

Appetite or weight changes

Thoughts of death or suicide or suicide attempts

Causes of Depression

Some potential causes such as:

• Genetics: Family history of depression can increase the likelihood of developing the disorder.
• Biological factors: Changes in brain chemistry and hormone imbalances can contribute to depression.
• Life events: Stressful or traumatic events, such as the loss of a loved one, a difficult breakup or financial problems can trigger depression.
• Medical conditions: Chronic illnesses such as diabetes or heart disease may increase the risk of depression.

Complications of Depression

If left untreated depression can lead to several complications, such as:

Suicidal thoughts or actions

Substance abuse

Relationship problems

Work-related difficulties

Physical health problems and depression can affect the immune system, leading to a higher susceptibility to illness.

Poor quality of life, Persistent feelings of sadness and lack of motivation can interfere with the ability to enjoy life and engage in meaningful activities.

Risk Factors of Depression

Several factors may increase the risk of developing depression, such as:

Family history of depression or other mental health disorders

Biological differences in brain structure or function

Trauma or abuse during childhood or adulthood

Chronic illnesses or long term medical conditions

Women are more likely than men to develop depression

Depression may develop at any age but it commonly occurs in young adulthood and older age.

Preventions of Depression

While depression cannot always be prevented but certain strategies can reduce the risk:

• Regular exercise: Physical activity can boost mood by increasing endorphins and serotonin levels in the brain.
• Healthy eating: A balanced diet can help stabilise mood and energy levels.
• Social support: Having a strong support system can reduce feelings of isolation and provide emotional support.
• Stress management: Techniques such as meditation, yoga and mindfulness can help manage stress.
• Avoid alcohol and drugs: Substance use can worsen depression and may trigger episodes.