Overview of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that mainly affects movement. It develops when nerve cells in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra become impaired or die, leading to a drop in dopamine levels. This chemical is critical for transmitting signals that control movement and coordination. Over time, patients experience tremors, stiffness, slowness of movement and balance difficulties. Although Parkinson’s disease progresses differently for everyone, early diagnosis and proper treatment can significantly improve quality of life.

Types of Parkinson’s Disease

1. Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease: The most common form, with no identifiable cause.

2. Genetic Parkinson’s Disease: Linked to specific genetic mutations; seen in families.

3. Secondary Parkinsonism: Caused by drugs, brain injury, or other diseases.

4. Atypical Parkinsonism: Includes conditions like Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP).

5. Juvenile Parkinson’s Disease: Rare, affecting people under the age of 20.

Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Noticeable tremors, often beginning in the hands or fingers.

Muscle stiffness that can limit range of motion and cause pain.

Slowed movements (bradykinesia) making simple tasks take longer.

Balance problems, resulting in frequent falls.

Speech changes, including softer or slurred speech.

Writing difficulties with small, cramped handwriting (micrographia).

Changes in facial expression, known as "Parkinson’s disease face.

Causes of Parkinson’s Disease

Loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain.

Genetic mutations linked to familial Parkinson’s disease.

Environmental factors like exposure to toxins or head trauma.

Age-related changes in brain chemistry.

Oxidative stress leading to damage in brain cells.

Complications in Parkinson’s Disease

Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) leading to nutrition issues.

Emotional challenges such as depression and anxiety.

Cognitive decline progressing to dementia.

Sleep disorders, including REM sleep behavior disorder.

Urinary problems and constipation.

Hallucinations and delusions in advanced stages.

Risk Factors of Parkinson’s Disease

Advancing age, particularly over 60 years old.

Family history of Parkinson’s disease, indicating hereditary risk.

Exposure to certain environmental toxins or pesticides.

Male gender, with men being more likely to develop the condition.

History of head injuries increasing susceptibility.

Preventions of Parkinson’s Disease

Regular aerobic exercise may reduce risk by improving brain health.

Avoiding exposure to pesticides and environmental toxins.

Healthy diet rich in antioxidants to combat oxidative stress.

Early management of head injuries and maintaining brain safety.

Staying socially active and mentally stimulated.