Overview of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a bone condition characterised by a decrease in bone density and mass, leading to fragile and brittle bones. As bones become more porous, the risk of fractures increases significantly, especially in the spine, hips, and wrists. It often develops silently over years, with no early warning signs, making it crucial for individuals at risk to undergo regular screenings.

Types of Osteoporosis

1. Primary Osteoporosis: More common in postmenopausal women and older men due to aging and hormonal changes.

2. Secondary Osteoporosis: Caused by other medical conditions or medications, such as steroid use, thyroid disorders or gastrointestinal diseases.

Symptoms of Osteoporosis

Silent Disease: Often no symptoms until a fracture occurs.

Fractures: Common in the wrist, spine, and hips due to minimal trauma.

Loss of Height: Gradual shrinking of height as the spine weakens.

Stooped Posture: Dowager's hump or kyphosis caused by vertebral fractures.

Causes of Osteoporosis

Age: Bone density naturally decreases as people age.

Hormonal Changes: Reduced estrogen in women after menopause and testosterone in men as they age.

Lifestyle Factors: Lack of physical activity, smoking, excessive alcohol intake, and poor nutrition.

Medications: Long-term use of corticosteroids, thyroid medications, and certain cancer treatments.

Complications in Osteoporosis

Bone Fractures: Most common in the hip, spine, and wrist.

Chronic Pain: Resulting from fractures or weakened bones.

Loss of Mobility: Due to fractures, leading to a reduced quality of life.

Increased Risk of Disability: Especially if fractures involve the spine or hips.

Risk Factors of Osteoporosis

• Age: People over 50 are at higher risk.
• Gender: Women are more prone, especially postmenopausal women.
• Family History: A genetic predisposition increases the likelihood.
• Low Body Weight: Individuals with smaller, thinner frames tend to have a higher risk.
• Diet: Inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D.
• Sedentary Lifestyle: Lack of weight-bearing exercises weakens bones.

Preventions of Osteoporosis

• Calcium and Vitamin D: Ensure adequate intake through diet or supplements.
• Regular Exercise: Weight-bearing and strength-training exercises help maintain bone mass.
• Avoid Smoking: Smoking accelerates bone loss.
• Limit Alcohol Consumption: Excessive drinking can lead to weaker bones.
• Bone Density Screening: Early detection through regular tests can help prevent fractures.