Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic Syndrome is a kidney disorder characterised by the body excreting too much protein in the urine due to damage in the filtering units of the kidneys (glomeruli). This leads to low protein levels in the blood, swelling (edema) and an increased risk of infections and blood clots. Though more common in children, it can affect adults as well. With timely treatment, many cases, especially in children, respond well to therapy.

Types of Nephrotic Syndrome

1. Minimal Change Disease: Most common in children, often responds well to steroids.

2. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS): More severe, may not respond easily to treatment.

3. Membranous Nephropathy: Common in adults, can lead to long-term kidney damage.

4. Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome: A rare form that appears in infants, often genetic.

5. Secondary Nephrotic Syndrome: Caused by infections, medications, or other diseases like diabetes and lupus.

Symptoms of Nephrotic Syndrome

Swelling in feet, ankles or around the eyes (edema)

Foamy or frothy urine indicating protein loss

Sudden weight gain due to fluid retention

Fatigue and tiredness from low protein levels

Loss of appetite and general malaise

Muscle wasting over time due to protein loss

Shortness of breath in severe fluid retention cases

Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome

Damage to kidney filters (glomeruli)

Immune system disorders like lupus

Infections such as hepatitis B, C or HIV

Certain medications, especially NSAIDs

Genetic mutations (in congenital forms)

Diabetes and other chronic conditions

Complications in Nephrotic Syndrome

Increased risk of blood clots (due to loss of anti-clotting proteins)

Chronic kidney disease or kidney failure

High cholesterol and blood pressure

Infections due to weakened immune system

Malnutrition and growth delays in children

Vitamin D deficiency and bone problems

Risk Factors of Nephrotic Syndrome

Family history of kidney disease

Autoimmune disorders

Use of certain painkillers or antibiotics

Chronic conditions like diabetes and lupus

Viral infections (HIV, hepatitis)

Being male (higher risk in childhood cases)

Preventions of Nephrotic Syndrome

Regular health check-ups for at-risk individuals

Managing chronic conditions like diabetes and hypertension

Avoiding unnecessary use of nephrotoxic drugs

Practicing good hygiene to prevent infections

Healthy lifestyle choices to support kidney health