Overview of Kidney Stones

Kidney stones, medically known as nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. These stones develop when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together. They can affect any part of the urinary tract—from the kidneys to the bladder and often cause severe pain. While some stones pass on their own, others may require medical intervention.

Types of Kidney Stones

1. Calcium Stones: The most common type, usually composed of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate.

2. Struvite Stones: Often form in response to urinary tract infections.

3. Uric Acid Stones: Seen in people who lose too much fluid or have high-protein diets.

4. Cystine Stones: Rare and usually hereditary, caused by a genetic disorder.

Symptoms of Kidney Stones

Sudden, intense pain in the side or back (kidney stone pain location)

Pain that radiates to the lower abdomen or groin

Pain during urination

Pink, red, or brown urine

Nausea or vomiting

Frequent urge to urinate

Cloudy or foul-smelling urine

Fever and chills if infection is present

Causes of Kidney Stones

Inadequate water intake leading to concentrated urine

Diets high in protein, sodium or sugar

Obesity and metabolic disorders

Certain supplements or medications

Genetic predisposition or family history

Chronic digestive conditions or surgeries

Complications in Kidney Stones

Persistent urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Obstruction of urine flow

Kidney damage or reduced kidney function

Severe infection or sepsis

Blood in the urine (hematuria)

Recurrence of stones

Risk Factors of Kidney Stones

Personal or family history of kidney stones

Dehydration from not drinking enough fluids

High-protein, high-sodium or high-sugar diets

Digestive diseases or gastric bypass surgery

Obesity and sedentary lifestyle

Certain medications and supplements

Preventions of Kidney Stones

Drink at least 2–3 liters of water daily

Reduce salt, sugar and animal protein intake

Include more citrus fruits in your diet

Avoid oxalate-rich foods if advised (e.g., spinach, nuts)

Maintain a healthy weight through regular activity

Follow your doctor's advice on supplements or medications