Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Overview 

Ventricular Septal Defect is a congenital heart condition in which there is a hole in the wall (septum) separating the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. This opening allows oxygen-rich blood to mix with oxygen-poor blood, affecting normal circulation.

VSD is one of the most common heart defects present at birth. Small defects may close naturally over time, while larger ones may require medical or surgical intervention. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are essential for maintaining heart health.

Types of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

• Perimembranous VSD: Most common, located near heart valves
• Muscular VSD: Occurs in the muscular portion of the septum
• Inlet VSD: Found near the tricuspid and mitral valves
• Outlet (Supracristal) VSD: Located near the pulmonary valve

Symptoms of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

• Shortness of breath
• Rapid breathing in infants
• Fatigue during feeding or activity
• Poor growth or weight gain
• Frequent lung infections
• Heart murmur detected during examination

Causes of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

• Abnormal heart development before birth
• Genetic factors
• Chromosomal disorders (e.g., Down syndrome)
• Maternal infections during pregnancy
• Unknown causes in many cases

Complications of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

• Heart failure
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Recurrent respiratory infections
• Valve damage
• Endocarditis
• Delayed growth in children

Risk Factors of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

• Family history of congenital heart disease
• Genetic syndromes
• Maternal illness or infections
• Exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy

Prevention of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

• Proper prenatal care
• Avoiding alcohol, drugs, and harmful medications during pregnancy
• Managing maternal health conditions
• Genetic counseling for high-risk families