Overview of Pericarditis

Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can lead to chest pain, often sharp and sudden, particularly on the left side or under the breast. It may be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, or even heart surgeries. Pericarditis can result in the accumulation of fluid around the heart, known as pericardial effusion, which can sometimes become life-threatening. Early diagnosis and proper management are key to preventing serious complications.

Types of Pericarditis

1. Acute Pericarditis: Sudden inflammation lasting less than six weeks, often causing sharp chest pain.

2. Chronic Pericarditis: Inflammation lasting longer than six months, with recurring symptoms and discomfort.

3. Constrictive Pericarditis: Thickened pericardium that restricts the heart’s movement, potentially leading to heart failure.

4. Infectious Pericarditis: Caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections affecting the pericardial sac.

5. Autoimmune Pericarditis: Linked to autoimmune diseases like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis.

6. Post-Cardiac Injury Pericarditis: Occurs after heart surgery or trauma to the chest.

7. Uremic Pericarditis: Seen in patients with advanced kidney disease.

Symptoms of Pericarditis

Sharp pain in chest, especially on the left side or under the breast

Chest pain that worsens when lying down or taking a deep breath

Pain in chest when swallowing

Left chest discomfort or cold feeling in chest

Pain below sternum or sharp heart pain

Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing while lying flat

Palpitations or irregular heartbeat

Low-grade fever, fatigue, or general weakness

Swelling in legs or abdomen (in constrictive cases)

Dry cough or pain under right collarbone

Causes of Pericarditis

Viral infections (e.g., Coxsackievirus, HIV)

Bacterial infections (e.g., Tuberculosis)

Heart attack or complications after heart surgery

Autoimmune conditions like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis

Kidney failure, especially in patients on dialysis

Cancer that spreads to the pericardium

Radiation therapy to the chest

Certain medications, including chemotherapy

Trauma or injury to the chest

Idiopathic causes – sometimes the cause remains unknown

Complications in Pericarditis

Pericardial effusion – buildup of fluid around the heart

Cardiac tamponade – severe fluid accumulation that compresses the heart

Constrictive pericarditis – scarring and thickening of the pericardium

Chronic chest pain or recurring pericarditis episodes

Heart failure due to restricted heart movement

Reduced blood flow leading to organ dysfunction

Risk Factors of Pericarditis

Recent viral or bacterial infection

Autoimmune disorders like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis

Kidney disease requiring dialysis

History of heart surgery or trauma

Radiation exposure to the chest area

Certain cancers such as lung or breast cancer

Use of medications affecting immune system

Male gender, more common in men aged 20–50

Preventions of Pericarditis

Avoid exposure to known infectious agents

Promptly treat infections and inflammatory conditions

Manage autoimmune diseases with regular check-ups

Avoid chest trauma and seek timely care for injuries

Limit alcohol and drug use that could affect the heart

Follow a heart-healthy lifestyle with regular exercise and diet

Stay updated with vaccinations that prevent viral illnesses

Routine monitoring if you've had previous pericarditis