Overview of Encephalitis

Encephalitis is a serious condition characterised by inflammation of the brain which can lead to neurological dysfunction and potentially life-threatening complications. This condition is often caused by infections but can also result from autoimmune responses or other underlying conditions. The severity of encephalitis can vary, ranging from mild symptoms like headaches and fever to more severe manifestations such as seizures, confusion and coma.

Types of Encephalitis

1. Viral Encephalitis: Caused by various viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), West Nile virus, and enteroviruses.

2. Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES): A severe form of encephalitis, often triggered by infections, that leads to rapid onset of neurological symptoms.

3. Autoimmune Encephalitis: Occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the brain tissue.

4. Bacterial Encephalitis: A rare but severe form caused by bacterial infections.

5. Parasitic Encephalitis: Caused by parasites that can invade the brain often through the bloodstream.

Symptoms of Encephalitis

Fever, headache, and confusion are often the first signs.

Seizures or convulsions can follow, with patients sometimes losing consciousness.

Difficulty speaking, memory problems, and confusion are common neurological signs.

In severe cases, paralysis, sensitivity to light, and difficulty breathing can occur.

Early identification of symptoms ensures timely treatment, reducing complications.

Causes of Encephalitis

• Viral Infections: Herpes simplex virus, enteroviruses and others are the leading causes.
• Autoimmune Disorders: The body’s immune system can mistakenly attack the brain, leading to encephalitis.
• Infections in the Brain: Sometimes, an infection in another part of the body, like a lung infection, spreads to the brain.
• Mosquito-borne Viruses: Some viruses transmitted by mosquitoes, such as the West Nile virus which are common causes of encephalitis.

Complications in Encephalitis

If not treated, encephalitis can lead to permanent brain damage, cognitive dysfunction, and memory loss.

Seizures, difficulty moving and paralysis can develop in severe cases.

Death can occur, particularly in cases that are not diagnosed or treated promptly.

Long-term consequences may include issues with motor skills, speaking and day to day functioning.

Risk Factors of Encephalitis

• Weakened Immune System: Conditions like HIV/AIDS or chemotherapy put individuals at higher risk.
• Age: Both young children and older adults are more susceptible to severe forms of encephalitis.
• Geographical Location: Living in areas with high incidences of mosquito-borne viruses like Japanese encephalitis increases risk.
• Pre-existing Conditions: Individuals with pre-existing brain conditions or genetic disorders may be more vulnerable.

Preventions of Encephalitis

• Vaccines: Immunisations for diseases like measles, mumps, rubella and Japanese encephalitis can prevent certain types.
• Mosquito Protection: Use of insect repellents, wearing protective clothing and using mosquito nets help prevent mosquito-borne viruses.
• Good Hygiene: Regular handwashing and avoiding contact with sick individuals can reduce the risk of infections.
• Safe Sex Practices: Prevents the transmission of viruses like herpes which can cause encephalitis.