Overview of Brucellosis

Brucellosis is a bacterial infection caused by the Brucella species. It primarily affects livestock such as cattle, goats, sheep and pigs but humans can also contract the disease through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated dairy products. Also known as undulant fever or Malta fever, brucellosis can cause long lasting flu like symptoms, joint pain and fatigue. It may lead to severe complications if left untreated.

Types of Brucellosis

Brucellosis is classified based on the species of Brucella bacteria responsible for the infection:

1. Brucella melitensis: Most common in sheep and goats.

2. Brucella abortus: Found in cattle, which is a primary cause of brucellosis in cattle.

3. Brucella suis: Affects pigs.

4. Brucella canis: Occurs in dogs and can spread to humans.

5. Brucella ovis: Affects sheep but does not infect humans.

Symptoms of Brucellosis

The symptoms of brucellosis in humans vary but commonly include:

Persistent fever (undulant fever) that rises and falls

Chills and sweating

Joint and muscle pain

Fatigue and weakness

Loss of appetite and weight loss

Headaches

Depression or irritability

Enlarged lymph nodes or spleen

Causes of Brucellosis

Brucellosis is caused by the Brucella bacteria which spread through:

Direct contact with infected animals or animal tissues (veterinarians, farmers and slaughterhouse workers are at higher risk).

Consumption of contaminated dairy products such as unpasteurised milk, cheese or raw meat.

Inhalation of Brucella bacteria which is common in laboratories or during animal slaughter.

Blood transfusion or organ transplant from an infected person (very rare).

Complications of Brucellosis

If left untreated, brucellosis can lead to severe complications, such as:

Chronic joint pain (arthritis)

Inflammation of the heart lining (endocarditis)

Liver and spleen enlargement

Neurological issues (neurobrucellosis) affecting the brain and nerves

Reproductive problems such as miscarriage or infertility in both humans and animals

Risk Factors of Brucellosis

Certain factors increase the risk of contracting brucella disease, such as:

Working in livestock farming or meat processing

Consuming unpasteurised dairy products

Handling infected animals or animal tissues

Traveling to regions where brucellosis disease in humans is common (Mediterranean, Middle East and Latin America)

Having a weakened immune system

Prevention of Brucellosis

Vaccination of livestock to prevent the spread of brucellosis in cattle and other animals.

Avoiding raw dairy products and consuming only pasteurised milk and cheese.

Using protective gear (gloves, masks) when handling animals.

Proper cooking of meat to kill any bacteria.

Regular screening of farm workers, veterinarians and meat industry workers.