Overview of Q-T Syndrome (Long QT Syndrome)

Long QT Syndrome is a heart rhythm condition that affects the heart’s electrical activity. It causes a delay in the heart's repolarisation process, visible as a prolonged QT interval on an ECG. This delay can make individuals vulnerable to sudden, potentially life-threatening arrhythmias, especially during stress, exercise or sleep. While it may be inherited or acquired through medications or other conditions, many people remain unaware they have it until symptoms appear. Early detection and proper management are essential to prevent complications.

Types of Q-T Syndrome (Long QT Syndrome)

1. Congenital Long QT Syndrome: Passed down genetically and usually diagnosed in childhood or adolescence.

2. Acquired Long QT Syndrome: Triggered by certain medications, electrolyte imbalances, or underlying medical conditions.

3. LQT1, LQT2, LQT3 Subtypes: These genetic subtypes differ in causes and triggers—for instance, LQT1 is often exercise-related, while LQT2 may be triggered by emotions or sound.

Symptoms of Q-T Syndrome (Long QT Syndrome)

Fainting or blackouts (especially after physical activity or emotional stress)

Palpitations or irregular heartbeats

Seizure-like episodes without neurological causes

Sudden cardiac arrest or sudden death (in severe, untreated cases)

No symptoms in some individuals, detected only during an ECG

Causes of Q-T Syndrome

Inherited mutations in genes affecting cardiac ion channels

Certain medications such as antibiotics, antidepressants or antipsychotics

Electrolyte disturbances, especially low potassium, calcium, or magnesium

Eating disorders or prolonged fasting

Medical conditions like hypothyroidism or bradycardia

Structural heart abnormalities

Complications in Q-T Syndrome

Sudden cardiac arrest, especially in undiagnosed patients

Dangerous arrhythmias like Torsades de Pointes

Seizures due to reduced blood flow to the brain

Accidents caused by fainting episodes

Risk of death if not diagnosed and treated properly

Risk Factors of Long QT Syndrome

Family history of long QT or sudden cardiac death

Known genetic mutations in heart rhythm genes

Use of medications that prolong the QT interval

Electrolyte imbalances, especially in athletes or patients with eating disorders

Female gender is more prone to longer QT intervals and arrhythmias

Existing heart conditions or prior arrhythmia episodes

Preventions of Q-T Syndrome (Long QT Syndrome)

Regular ECG screenings in people with a family history

Avoidance of QT-prolonging medications

Monitoring and correcting electrolyte levels regularly

Genetic counseling and testing in affected families

Education on warning signs and triggers

Use of wearable cardiac monitors in high-risk individuals