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Overview of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings such as emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). These shifts can impact daily life affecting energy levels, activity, behavior and decision making. People with bipolar disorder experience periods of bipolar depression followed by manic episodes or hypomanic episodes. It is a lifelong condition but can be managed effectively with the right treatment.

Types of Bipolar Disorder

1. Bipolar I Disorder: Characterised by at least one manic episode that lasts at least seven days or requires hospitalisation. Depressive episodes may also occur.

2. Bipolar II Disorder: Involves hypomania (a milder form of mania) and major depressive episodes but no full manic episodes.

3. Cyclothymic Disorder: Involves chronic mood fluctuations with periods of hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms that do not meet the full criteria for bipolar disorder.

4. Other Bipolar Disorders: Some cases involve symptoms that do not fit into the above categories but still cause significant mood instability.

Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

1. Manic Episode Symptoms:

Extreme energy, restlessness and hyperactivity

Decreased need for sleep

Racing thoughts and rapid speech

Impulsive and risky behavior

Grandiosity or an exaggerated sense of self-importance

2. Hypomanic Episode Symptoms:

Similar to mania but less severe

Increased energy and talkativeness

Less need for sleep

Mildly risky behavior but not extreme

3. Bipolar Depression Symptoms:

Persistent sadness or hopelessness

Loss of interest in activities

Fatigue and low energy

Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

Suicidal thoughts in severe cases

Causes of Bipolar Disorder

The exact causes of bipolar disorder are unknown but factors include:

• Genetics: Family history of bipolar disorder increases the risk.
• Brain Structure and Function: Abnormalities in brain chemistry and neurotransmitters play a role.
• Environmental Factors: Stress, trauma or major life events may trigger bipolar symptoms in susceptible individuals.

Complications of Bipolar Disorder

Relationship difficulties and social isolation

Poor work or academic performance

Financial and legal problems due to impulsive behavior

Substance abuse or addiction

Suicidal thoughts or behaviors

Risk Factors of Bipolar Disorder

Having a family history of bipolar disorder

Experiencing high levels of stress or trauma

Drug or alcohol abuse

Imbalance in brain neurotransmitters

Preventions of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder cannot always be prevented but managing triggers can help reduce mood swings:

Maintaining a consistent daily routine

Avoiding substance abuse

Recognising early signs of mood changes

Engaging in therapy and self care practices