Overview of Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a long-term, chronic autoimmune skin condition that causes skin cells to multiply rapidly, resulting in thick, scaly, red patches that are often itchy or painful. It commonly affects the scalp, elbows, knees, back and even fingernails or toenails. Psoriasis is not contagious but can significantly impact quality of life due to its visible symptoms and discomfort. While there is no permanent cure, effective treatments can help manage the condition and reduce flare-ups.

Types of Psoriasis

1. Plaque Psoriasis: Most common type; thick, raised, red patches covered with silvery-white scales.

2. Scalp Psoriasis: Affects the scalp with flaky, crusty skin that resembles dandruff but is more persistent and inflamed.

3. Guttate Psoriasis: Appears as small, dot-like lesions; often triggered by infections like strep throat.

4. Inverse Psoriasis: Smooth, red patches found in skin folds such as underarms, groin, or under the breasts.

5. Genital Psoriasis: Affects the skin of the genital area and may cause itching, discomfort, or pain.

6. Nail Psoriasis: Causes pitting, thickening, or discoloration of fingernails or toenails; nails may also separate from the nail bed.

7. Pustular Psoriasis: Characterised by white pustules surrounded by red skin; may be localized or widespread.

8. Erythrodermic Psoriasis: A rare but severe form causing widespread redness, itching, and shedding of skin in sheets.

Symptoms of Psoriasis

Red patches of skin with thick, silvery-white scales

Dry, cracked skin that may bleed

Itching, burning, or soreness around affected areas

Thickened, pitted, or ridged nails (nail psoriasis)

Painful, swollen joints (in psoriatic arthritis)

Flaky skin on the scalp resembling dandruff

Skin rash that may worsen during cold weather or due to stress

Discoloration or detachment of fingernails and toenails

Causes of Psoriasis

Overactive immune response causing rapid skin cell turnover

Genetic predisposition (runs in families)

Infections, such as strep throat, triggering flare-ups

Skin injury or trauma (Koebner phenomenon)

Certain medications like beta-blockers or antimalarials

Stress, which can trigger or worsen symptoms

Environmental factors like cold, dry weather

Hormonal changes or smoking

Complications in Psoriasis

Development of psoriatic arthritis, leading to joint pain and stiffness

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Emotional issues such as anxiety, low self-esteem, and depression

Nail damage causing loss of nail function or separation from nail bed

Potential liver issues from long-term medication use

Sleep disturbances due to intense itching and discomfort

Higher likelihood of metabolic syndrome and obesity

Side effects from prolonged use of steroid creams or systemic therapies

Risk Factors of Psoriasis

Family history of psoriasis or autoimmune diseases

Being aged between 15 to 35 years when symptoms first appear

Experiencing frequent infections, especially strep throat

Chronic stress or anxiety

Obesity, which increases inflammation and skin friction

Regular alcohol or tobacco use

Use of certain medications like lithium or beta-blockers

Living in cold, dry climates

Preventions of Psoriasis

Maintain healthy skin hydration with moisturizers

Manage stress through relaxation techniques or therapy

Avoid skin injuries, including scratches, cuts, or sunburn

Identify and avoid triggers such as allergens or certain foods

Quit smoking and limit alcohol intake

Keep a healthy weight through balanced diet and exercise

Use mild soaps and skincare products to avoid irritation

Treat infections promptly to prevent flare-ups