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Overview of Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia)

Quadriplegia also known as tetraplegia, is a type of paralysis that affects all four limbs and the torso, typically resulting from a severe injury to the spinal cord, especially in the cervical (neck) region. This condition can drastically change a person's ability to move, feel, and control body functions. While the extent of the paralysis depends on the level and severity of spinal cord injury, early intervention, rehabilitation, and supportive care can improve quality of life.

Types of Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia)

1. Complete Quadriplegia: Total loss of movement and sensation below the neck.

2. Incomplete Quadriplegia: Some motor or sensory function remains below the injury level.

3. Spastic Quadriplegia: Characterised by stiff muscles and jerky movements.

4. Flaccid Quadriplegia: Muscles become limp or soft due to nerve damage.

5. Acute Quadriplegia: Occurs suddenly after trauma or medical emergency.

6. Chronic Quadriplegia: Long-term or permanent condition after spinal cord damage.

Symptoms of Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia)

Loss of movement in arms, legs and torso

Loss of sensation or abnormal sensations like tingling or burning

Difficulty breathing or shallow breaths

Inability to control bowel and bladder function

Muscle spasms or uncontrolled jerking movements

Pain or intense pressure in the neck or spine

Weakness or numbness below the neck

Fatigue and loss of balance or coordination

Causes of Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia)

Traumatic spinal cord injury for example, car accidents, falls, sports injuries

Cervical spine fractures or dislocations

Tumors or growths pressing on the spinal cord

Spinal cord infections for example, abscess, meningitis

Stroke affecting the upper spinal cord

Congenital defects like spina bifida

Degenerative diseases for example, multiple sclerosis

Inflammatory conditions like transverse myelitis

Complications in Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia)

Respiratory failure or pneumonia due to weak lung function

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and kidney problems

Bedsores and skin breakdown from immobility

Blood clots, especially deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Muscle atrophy and joint stiffness

Autonomic dysreflexia (sudden high blood pressure)

Depression and emotional challenges

Dependency on caregivers or assistive devices

Risk Factors of Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia)

Engaging in high-risk activities without protective gear

History of spinal trauma or vertebral injury

Poor posture or neck/spine strain over time

Underlying neurological diseases

Osteoporosis leading to fragile spinal bones

Male gender (statistically higher incidence)

Age group 16–30 (common age for traumatic injuries)

Preventions of Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia)

Use seat belts and airbags while driving

Wear helmets and safety gear during sports and physical activities

Follow workplace safety protocols for lifting and movement

Avoid risky behaviors like diving into shallow water

Get vaccinated against diseases that affect the nervous system

Maintain strong bones through diet, exercise and avoiding smoking

Address back pain or neck injuries early through medical consultation